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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows, unremarkably spoken As Windows, could be a cluster Of many Proprietary Graphical OS Families, All Of that square measure Developed And Marketed By Microsoft. every Family Caters To a definite Sector Of The Computing trade. Active Microsoft Windows Families embody Windows NT And Windows IoT; These could include Subfamilies, (E.G. Windows Server Or Windows Embedded Compact) (Windows CE). Defunct Microsoft Windows Families embody Windows 9x, Windows Mobile And Windows Phone.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Introduced AN in operation surroundings Named Windows On Nov twenty, 1985, As A Graphical OS Shell For disk operating system In Response To The Growing Interest In Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows Came To Dominate The World’s pc (PC) Market With Over ninetieth Market Share, reordering macintosh OS, that Had Been Introduced In 1984. Apple Came to ascertain Windows As AN Unfair Encroachment On Their Innovation In user interface Development As enforced On product like The Lisa And Macintosh (Eventually Settled In Court In Microsoft’s Favor In 1993). On PCs, Windows continues to be the foremost well-liked OS. However, In 2014, Microsoft Admitted Losing the bulk Of the general OS Market To automaton, as a result of the large Growth In Sales Of automaton Smartphones. In 2014, the amount Of Windows Devices oversubscribed Was but twenty fifth That Of automaton Devices oversubscribed. This Comparison, However, might not Be totally Relevant, because the 2 in operation Systems historically Target completely different Platforms. Still, Numbers For Server Use Of Windows (That square measure cherish Competitors) Show One Third Market Share, just like That For user Use.

As Of October 2020, the foremost Recent Version Of Windows For PCs, Tablets And Embedded Devices Is Windows ten, Version 20H2. the foremost Recent Version For Server Computers Is Windows Server, Version 20H2. A specialised Version Of Windows conjointly Runs On The Xbox One game Console.

Marketing role

Microsoft, The Developer Of Windows, Has Registered many emblems, every Of that Denotes A Family Of Windows in operation Systems that concentrate on a particular Sector Of The Computing trade. As Of 2014, the subsequent Windows Families Were Being Actively Developed:

  • Windows NT: Started As A Family Of in operation Systems With Windows NT three.1, AN OS For Server Computers And Workstations. It currently Consists Of 3 OS Subfamilies That square measure discharged nearly At constant Time And Share constant Kernel:
  • Windows: The OS For thought Personal Computers, Tablets And Smartphones. the most recent Version Is Windows ten. the most contestant Of This Family Is MacOS By Apple for private Computers And automaton For Mobile Devices (C.F. Usage Share Of in operation Systems § Market Share By Category).
  • Windows Server: The OS For Server Computers. the most recent Version Is Windows Server 2019. not like Its shopper relative, it’s Adopted a powerful Naming theme. the most contestant Of This Family Is UNIX. (C.F. Usage Share Of in operation Systems § Market Share By Category)
  • Windows PE: a light-weight Version Of Its Windows relative, Meant to control As A Live OS, Used For putting in Windows On Bare-Metal Computers (Especially On several Computers At Once), Recovery Or Troubleshooting functions. the most recent Version Is Windows letter of the alphabet ten.
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded):

at first, Microsoft Developed Windows cerium As A general OS for each Device That Was Too Resource-Limited To Be referred to as A Full-Fledged pc. Eventually, However, Windows cerium Was Renamed Windows Embedded Compact And Was collapsed underneath Windows Compact Trademark that conjointly Consists Of Windows Embedded trade, Windows Embedded skilled, Windows Embedded customary, Windows Embedded hand-held And Windows Embedded Automotive.

The Following Windows Families Are Not Any Longer Being Developed:

  • Windows 9x:AN OS That Targeted shoppers Market. out of print as a result of Suboptimal Performance. (PC World referred to as Its Last Version, Windows Me, one in every of The Worst product Of All Time.) Microsoft currently Caters To the patron Market With Windows NT.
  • Windows Mobile: The forerunner To Windows Phone, it absolutely was A mobile OS. the primary Version Was referred to as Pocket laptop 2000; The Third Version, Windows Mobile 2003 is that the initial Version To Adopt The Windows Mobile Trademark. The Last Version Is Windows Mobile half dozen.5.
  • Windows Phone: AN OS oversubscribed solely To makers Of Smartphones. the primary Version Was Windows Phone seven, Followed By Windows Phone eight, And Windows Phone eight.1. it absolutely was Succeeded By Windows ten Mobile, that’s currently conjointly out of print.

Early versions

The History Of Windows Dates Back To 1981 once Microsoft Started Work On A Program referred to as “Interface Manager”. it absolutely was proclaimed In Nov 1983 (After The Apple Lisa, however Before The Macintosh) underneath The Name “Windows”, however Windows one.0 wasn’t discharged till Nov 1985. Windows 1.0 Was To contend With Apple’s OS, however Achieved very little quality. Windows 1.0 isn’t a whole in operation System; Rather, It Extends disk operating system. The Shell Of Windows one.0 could be a Program called The disk operating system govt. elements enclosed Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, writing board Viewer, Clock, electrical device, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal And Write. Windows 1.0 doesn’t enable Overlapping Windows. Instead All Windows square measure covered. solely Modal Dialog Boxes could seem Over different Windows. Microsoft oversubscribed As enclosed Windows Development Libraries With The C Development surroundings, including varied Windows Samples.

Microsoft Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985

Windows 2.0 Was discharged In Gregorian calendar month 1987, And Was additional well-liked Than Its forerunner. It options many enhancements To The programme And Memory Management. Windows 2.03 modified The OS From covered Windows To Overlapping Windows. The results of this transformation crystal rectifier To Apple pc Filing A Suit Against Microsoft Alleging Infringement On Apple’s Copyrights. Windows 2.0 conjointly Introduced additional refined Keyboard Shortcuts and will create Use Of swollen Memory.

Windows 2.1 Was discharged In 2 completely different Versions: Windows/286 And Windows/386. Windows/386 Uses The Virtual 8086 Mode Of The Intel 80386 To Multitask many DOS Programs and also the Paged Memory Model To Emulate swollen Memory victimisation obtainable Extended Memory. Windows/286, In Spite Of Its Name, Runs On each Intel 8086 And Intel 80286 Processors. It Runs In Real Mode however will create Use Of The High Memory space.

In Addition To Full Windows-Packages, there have been Runtime-Only Versions That Shipped With Early Windows computer code From Third Parties And created It potential To Run Their Windows computer code On disk operating system And while not the complete Windows Feature Set.

The Early Versions Of Windows square measure usually Thought Of As Graphical Shells, principally as a result of They Ran On prime Of disk operating system And Use It For filing system Services. However, Even The Earliest Windows Versions Already Assumed several Typical OS Functions; Notably, Having Their Own possible File Format And Providing Their Own Device Drivers (Timer, Graphics, Printer, Mouse, Keyboard And Sound). not like disk operating system, Windows Allowed Users To Execute Multiple Graphical Applications At constant Time, Through Cooperative Multitasking. Windows enforced AN Elaborate, Segment-Based, computer code computer storage theme, that permits It To Run Applications Larger Than obtainable Memory: Code Segments And Resources square measure Swapped In And Thrown Away once Memory Became Scarce; information Segments moved In Memory once A Given Application Had Relinquished Processor management.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, discharged In 1990, Improved the look, principally as a result of computer storage And Loadable Virtual Device Drivers (VxDs) That enable Windows To Share whimsical Devices Between Multi-Tasked DOS Applications.[Citation Needed] Windows three.0 Applications will Run In Protected Mode, which provides Them Access to many Megabytes Of Memory while not the duty To Participate within the computer code computer storage theme. They Run within constant Address house, wherever The metameric Memory Provides A Degree Of Protection. Windows 3.0 conjointly Featured enhancements To The programme. Microsoft Rewrote crucial Operations From C Into Assembly. Windows 3.0 is that the initial Microsoft Windows Version to realize Broad industrial Success, commercialism a pair of Million Copies within the initial Six Months.

Microsoft Windows 3.0
Windows 3.0, released in 1990

Windows 3.1, created typically obtainable On March one, 1992, Featured A Facelift. In August 1993, Windows For Workgroups, A Special Version With Integrated Peer-To-Peer Networking options And A Version variety of three.11, Was discharged. it absolutely was oversubscribed together with Windows three.1. Support For Windows three.1 terminated On day, 2001.

Windows 3.2, discharged 1994, Is AN Updated Version Of The Chinese Version Of Windows three.1. The Update Was restricted to the present Language Version, because it mounted solely problems associated with The complicated orthography Of The Chinese Language. Windows 3.2 Was typically oversubscribed By pc makers With A Ten-Disk Version Of disk operating system That conjointly Had Simplified Chinese Characters In Basic Output and a few Translated Utilities.

Windows 9x

The Next Major Consumer-Oriented unharness Of Windows, Windows 95, Was discharged On August twenty four, 1995. whereas Still Remaining MS-DOS-Based, Windows ninety five Introduced Support For Native 32-Bit Applications, Plug And Play Hardware, preventive Multitasking, Long File Names Of Up To 255 Characters, And Provided exaggerated Stability Over Its Predecessors. Windows ninety five conjointly Introduced A Redesigned, Object minded programme, exchange The Previous Program Manager With the beginning Menu, Taskbar, And Windows human Shell. Windows ninety five Was a serious industrial Success For Microsoft; Ina cooked Of CNET Remarked That “By The Time Windows ninety five Was Finally Ushered Off The Market In 2001, It Had Become A Fixture On pc Desktops round the World.” Microsoft printed Four OEM Service Releases (OSR) Of Windows ninety five, every Of that Was Roughly cherish A Service Pack. the primary OSR Of Windows ninety five Was conjointly the primary Version Of Windows To Be Bundled With Microsoft’s browser, net human. thought Support For Windows ninety five terminated On day, 2000, And Extended Support For Windows ninety five terminated On day, 2001..

Windows ninety five Was Followed Up With the discharge Of Windows ninety eight On June twenty five, 1998, that Introduced The Windows Driver Model, Support For USB Composite Devices, Support For ACPI, Hibernation, And Support For Multi-Monitor Configurations. Windows ninety eight conjointly enclosed Integration With net human four Through Active Desktop And different Aspects Of The Windows Desktop Update (A Series Of Enhancements To The human Shell that Were conjointly created obtainable For Windows 95). In could 1999, Microsoft discharged Windows ninety eight Second Edition, AN Updated Version Of Windows ninety eight. Windows ninety eight SE supplemental net human five.0 And Windows Media Player half dozen.2 Amongst different Upgrades. thought Support For Windows ninety eight terminated On June thirty, 2002, And Extended Support For Windows ninety eight terminated On Gregorian calendar month eleven, 2006.

On Sept fourteen, 2000, Microsoft discharged Windows Maine (Millennium Edition), The Last DOS-Based Version Of Windows. Windows Maine Incorporated Visual Interface Enhancements From Its Windows NT-Based Counterpart Windows 2000, Had quicker Boot Times Than Previous Versions (Which but, needed The Removal Of the power To Access a true Mode DOS surroundings, Removing Compatibility With Some Older Programs), swollen multimedia system practicality (Including Windows Media Player seven, Windows producer, and also the Windows Image Acquisition Framework For Retrieving pictures From Scanners And Digital Cameras), extra System Utilities like System File Protection And System Restore, And Updated Home Networking Tools. However, Windows Maine Was sweet-faced With Criticism For Its Speed And Instability, together with Hardware Compatibility problems And Its Removal Of Real Mode DOS Support. laptop World thought of Windows Maine To Be one in every of The Worst in operation Systems Microsoft Had Ever discharged, and also the fourth Worst school Product Of All Time.

Windows NT

In Nov 1988, a brand new Development Team inside Microsoft (Which enclosed Former Digital instrumentation Corporation Developers Dave monger And Mark Lucovsky) Began Work On A Revamped Version Of IBM And Microsoft’s OS/2 software system referred to as “NT OS/2”. nongovernmental organization OS/2 Was supposed To Be A Secure, Multi-User software system With POSIX Compatibility And A standard, moveable Kernel With preventative Multitasking And Support For Multiple Processor Architectures. However, Following The triple-crown unharness Of Windows three.0, The nongovernmental organization Development Team set to transform The Project To Use Associate in Nursing Extended 32-Bit Port Of The Windows API referred to as Win32 rather than Those Of OS/2. Win32 Maintained an analogous Structure To The Windows Apis (Allowing Existing Windows Applications to simply Be Ported To The Platform), however conjointly Supported The Capabilities Of the prevailing nongovernmental organization Kernel. Following Its Approval By Microsoft’s workers, Development continuing On What Was currently Windows nongovernmental organization, the primary 32-Bit Version Of Windows. However, IBM Objected To The Changes, And Ultimately continuing OS/2 Development On Its Own.

The First unharness Of The ensuing software system, Windows nongovernmental organization three.1 (Named To Associate It With Windows three.1) Was free In July 1993, With Versions For Desktop Workstations And Servers. Windows nongovernmental organization three.5 Was free In September 1994, specializing in Performance enhancements And Support For Novell’s NetWare, And Was Followed Up By Windows nongovernmental organization three.51 In might 1995, including further enhancements And Support For The PowerPC design. Windows nongovernmental organization four.0 Was free In June 1996, Introducing The Redesigned Interface Of Windows ninety five To The nongovernmental organization Series. On February seventeen, 2000, Microsoft free Windows 2000, A Successor To nongovernmental organization four.0. The Windows nongovernmental organization Name Was born At this time so as to place A larger specialise in The Windows complete.

Windows XP

The Next Major Version Of Windows nongovernmental organization, Windows XP, Was free On Oct twenty five, 2001. The Introduction Of Windows XP Aimed To Unify The Consumer-Oriented Windows 9x Series With The design Introduced By Windows nongovernmental organization, A modification that Microsoft secure would supply higher Performance Over Its DOS-Based Predecessors. Windows XP Would conjointly Introduce A Redesigned computer program (Including Associate in Nursing Updated begin Menu And A “Task-Oriented” Windows Explorer), efficient multimedia system And Networking options, net adventurer six, Integration With Microsoft’s .NET Passport Services, Modes to assist give Compatibility With package Designed For Previous Versions Of Windows, And Remote help practicality.

At Retail, Windows XP Was currently Marketed In 2 Main Editions: The “Home” Edition Was Targeted Towards customers, whereas The “Professional” Edition Was Targeted Towards Business Environments And Power Users, And enclosed further Security And Networking options. Home And skilled Were Later amid The “Media Center” Edition (Designed For theatre PCs, With a stress On Support For optical disk Playback, TV Tuner Cards, DVR practicality, And Remote Controls), and also the “Tablet PC” Edition (Designed For Mobile Devices Meeting Its Specifications For A pill laptop, With Support For Stylus Pen Input and extra Pen-Enabled Applications). thought Support For Windows XP complete On April 14, 2009. Extended Support complete On April eight, 2014.

After Windows 2000, Microsoft conjointly modified Its unharness Schedules For Server operational Systems; The Server Counterpart Of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Was free In April 2003.[29] it had been Followed In December 2005, By Windows Server 2003 R2.

Win Vista

After A protracted Development method, Windows view Was free On Nov thirty, 2006, For Volume Licensing And Gregorian calendar month thirty, 2007, For customers. It Contained variety of latest options, From A Redesigned Shell And computer program To vital Technical Changes, With a selected specialise in security measures. it had been offered in a very variety of various Editions, And Has Been Subject To Some Criticism, like Drop Of Performance, Longer Boot Time, Criticism of latest UAC, And Stricter License Agreement. Vista’s Server Counterpart, Windows Server 2008 Was free In Early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows seven And Windows Server 2008 R2 Were free As RTM (Release To Manufacturing) whereas the previous Was free To the general public three Months shortly Oct twenty two, 2009. not like Its precursor, Windows view, that Introduced an oversized variety of latest options, Windows seven Was supposed To Be A additional centered, progressive Upgrade To The Windows Line, With The Goal Of Being Compatible With Applications And Hardware With that Windows view Was Already Compatible. Windows seven Has Multi-Touch Support, A Redesigned Windows Shell With Associate in Nursing Updated Taskbar, A Home Networking System known as HomeGroup, And Performance enhancements.

Windows 8 & 8.1

Windows 8, The Successor To Windows seven, Was free usually On Oct twenty six, 2012. variety of great Changes Were created On Windows eight, together with The Introduction Of A computer program primarily based Around Microsoft’s railway style Language With Optimizations For Touch-Based Devices like Tablets And All-In-One PCs. These Changes embody the beginning Screen, that Uses massive Tiles That ar additional Convenient For bit Interactions and permit For The show Of regularly Updated data, And a brand new category Of Apps that ar Designed Primarily to be used On Touch-Based Devices. The New Windows Version needed A Minimum Resolution Of 1024×768 Pixels, Effectively creating It Unfit For Netbooks With 800×600-Pixel Screens.

Other Changes embody magnified Integration With Cloud Services And different on-line Platforms (Such As Social Networks And Microsoft’s Own OneDrive (Formerly SkyDrive) And Xbox Live Services), The Windows Store Service For package Distribution, And a brand new Variant referred to as Windows RT to be used On Devices That Utilize The ARM design. Associate in Nursing Update To Windows eight, known as Windows eight.1, Was free On Oct seventeen, 2013, And Includes options like New Live Tile Sizes, Deeper OneDrive Integration, and plenty of different Revisions. Windows eight And Windows eight.1 are Subject To Some Criticism, like Removal Of the beginning Menu.

Windows Ten

On September thirty, 2014, Microsoft proclaimed Windows ten because the Successor To Windows eight.1. it had been free On July twenty nine, 2015, And Addresses Shortcomings within the computer program 1st Introduced With Windows eight. Changes On computer embody The come Of the beginning Menu, A Virtual Desktop System, and also the Ability To Run Windows Store Apps inside Windows On The Desktop instead of In Full-Screen Mode. Windows ten is claimed To Be offered To Update From Qualified Windows seven With SP1, Windows 8.1 And Windows Phone eight.1 Devices From The Get Windows one0 Application (For Windows seven, Windows 8.1) Or Windows Update (Windows 7).

In February 2017, Microsoft proclaimed The Migration Of Its Windows ASCII text file Repository From Perforce To stinker. This Migration concerned three.5 Million Separate Files in a very three hundred computer memory unit Repository. By might 2017, ninety % Of Its Engineering Team Was exploitation stinker, In concerning 8500 Commits And 1760 Windows Builds Per Day.

Multi-language support

Multilingual Support Has Been designed Into Windows Since Windows three. The Language For each The Keyboard and also the Interface may be modified Through The Region And Language electrical device. parts For All Supported Input Languages, like Input methodology Editors, ar mechanically put in throughout Windows Installation (In Windows XP And Earlier, Files For East Asian Languages, like Chinese, And Right-To-Left Scripts, like Arabic, might have To Be put in singly, conjointly From The aforesaid management Panel). Third-Party IMEs might also Be put in If A User Feels That The Provided One Is shy for his or her wants.

Interface Languages For The software system ar Free For transfer, however Some Languages ar restricted To sure Editions Of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) ar Redistributable and should Be transfered From Microsoft’s Download Center And put in For Any Edition Of Windows (XP Or Later) – They Translate Most, however Not All, Of The Windows Interface, and need an explicit Base Language (The Language that Windows Originally Shipped With). this is often Used for many Languages In rising Markets. Full Language Packs, that interprets the whole software system, ar solely offered For Specific Editions Of Windows (Ultimate And Enterprise Editions Of Windows view and seven, and every one Editions Of Windows eight, 8.1 And RT Except Single Language). they are doing Not need a selected Base Language, And ar usually Used For additional in style Languages like French Or Chinese. These Languages can not be transfered Through The Download Center, however offered As elective Updates Through The Windows Update Service (Except Windows 8).

The Interface Language Of put in Applications don’t seem to be suffering from Changes within the Windows Interface Language. handiness Of Languages Depends On the appliance Developers Themselves.

Windows eight And Windows Server 2012 Introduces a brand new Language electrical device wherever each The Interface And Input Languages may be at the same time modified, And Language Packs, notwithstanding sort, may be Downloaded From A Central Location. The computer Settings App In Windows eight.1 And Windows Server 2012 R2 conjointly Includes A Counterpart Settings Page For This. ever-changing The Interface Language conjointly Changes The Language Of Preinstalled Windows Store Apps (Such As Mail, Maps And News) And sure different Microsoft-Developed Apps (Such As Remote Desktop). The on top of Limitations For Language Packs ar but Still In impact, Except That Full Language Packs may be put in For Any Edition Except Single Language, that Caters To rising Markets.

Platform supports by windows

Windows nongovernmental organization enclosed Support For many totally different Platforms Before The X86-Based pc Became Dominant within the skilled World. Windows nongovernmental organization four.0 And Its Predecessors Supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha And million instructions per second R4000. (Although Some These Platforms Implement 64-Bit Computing, The software system Treated Them As 32-Bit.) However, Windows 2000, The Successor Of Windows nongovernmental organization four.0, born Support For All Platforms Except The Third Generation X86 (Known As IA-32) Or Newer In 32-Bit Mode. The shopper Line Of Windows nongovernmental organization Family Still Runs On IA-32, though The Windows Server Line Has Ceased Supporting This Platform With the discharge Of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With The Introduction Of The Intel Itanium design (IA-64), Microsoft free New Versions Of Windows To Support It. Itanium Versions Of Windows XP And Windows Server 2003 Were free At an equivalent Time As Their thought X86 Counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, free In 2005, is that the Last Windows shopper operational Systems To Support Itanium. Windows Server Line Continues To Support This Platform till Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is that the Last Windows software system To Support Itanium design.

On April twenty five, 2005, Microsoft free Windows XP skilled X64 Edition And Windows Server 2003 X64 Editions To Support The X86-64 (Or merely X64), The Eighth Generation Of X86 design. Windows view Was the primary shopper Version Of Windows nongovernmental organization To Be free at the same time In IA-32 And X64 Editions. X64 continues to be Supported.

An Edition Of Windows eight referred to as Windows RT Was Specifically Created For Computers With ARM design Associate in Nursingd whereas ARM continues to be Used For Windows Smartphones With Windows ten, Tablets With Windows RT won’t Be Updated. ranging from Windows ten Fall Creators Update And Later Includes Support For PCs With ARM design.

Windows Embedded Compact (CE)

Windows metallic element (Officially referred to as Windows Embedded Compact), Is Associate in Nursing Edition Of Windows That Runs On Minimalistic Computers, Like Satellite Navigation Systems and a few Mobile Phones. Windows Embedded Compact is predicated On Its Own Dedicated Kernel, Dubbed Windows metallic element Kernel. Microsoft Licenses Windows metallic element To OEMs And Device manufacturers. The OEMs And Device manufacturers will Modify and make Their Own User Interfaces And Experiences, whereas Windows metallic element Provides The Technical Foundation to try and do thus.

Windows Embedded Compact 7 displaying a concept media player UI

Windows metallic element Was employed in The Dreamcast together with Sega’s Own Proprietary OS For The Console. Windows metallic element Was The Core From that Windows Mobile Was Derived. Its Successor, Windows Phone seven, Was supported parts From each Windows metallic element six.0 R3 And Windows metallic element seven.0. Windows Phone eight but, is predicated On an equivalent NT-Kernel As Windows eight.

Windows Embedded Compact isn’t To Be Confused With Windows XP Embedded Or Windows nongovernmental organization four.0 Embedded, standard Editions Of Windows supported Windows nongovernmental organization Kernel

Xbox

Xbox OS Is Associate in Nursing Unofficial Name Given To The Version Of Windows That Runs On The Xbox One. it’s A additional Specific Implementation With a stress On Virtualization (Using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications. Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC. The Windows 10-based Core had replaced the Windows 8-based one in this update, and the new system is sometimes referred to as “Windows 10 on Xbox One” or “OneCore”. Xbox One’s system also allows backward compatibility with Xbox 360, and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.

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